From 709153a4624d01b2581549ebf01b52d42b5236ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Languages add-on Date: May 02 2024 07:49:53 +0000 Subject: Added translation using Weblate (Norwegian Nynorsk) Co-authored-by: Languages add-on --- diff --git a/po/nn/f27/pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.po b/po/nn/f27/pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.po new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a0bd52f --- /dev/null +++ b/po/nn/f27/pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.po @@ -0,0 +1,2204 @@ +# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE +# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. +# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. +# Languages add-on , 2024. +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-06-15 21:44+0000\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" +"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n" +"Language-Team: none\n" +"Language: nn\n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" + +#. type: Title === +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:6 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Working with the GRUB 2 Boot Loader" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:9 +msgid "" +"indexterm:[GRUB 2,configuring GRUB 2]indexterm:[GRUB 2,reinstalling GRUB " +"2]indexterm:[GRUB 2,customizing GRUB 2]indexterm:[boot loader,GRUB 2 boot " +"loader] {MAJOROSVER} is distributed with the GNU GRand Unified Boot loader " +"(GRUB) version 2 boot loader, which allows the user to select an operating " +"system or kernel to be loaded at system boot time. GRUB 2 also allows the " +"user to pass arguments to the kernel." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ==== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:11 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Introduction to GRUB 2" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:14 +msgid "" +"GRUB 2 reads its configuration from the `/boot/grub2/grub.cfg` file on " +"traditional BIOS-based machines and from the `/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg` " +"file on UEFI machines. This file contains menu information." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:16 +msgid "" +"The GRUB 2 configuration file, `grub.cfg`, is generated during installation, " +"or by invoking the [application]*/usr/sbin/grub2-mkconfig* utility, and is " +"automatically updated by [command]#grubby# each time a new kernel is " +"installed. When regenerated manually using [application]*grub2-mkconfig*, " +"the file is generated according to the template files located in " +"`/etc/grub.d/`, and custom settings in the `/etc/default/grub` file. Edits " +"of `grub.cfg` will be lost any time [application]*grub2-mkconfig* is used to " +"regenerate the file, so care must be taken to reflect any manual changes in " +"`/etc/default/grub` as well." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:18 +msgid "" +"Normal operations on `grub.cfg`, such as the removal and addition of new " +"kernels, should be done using the [command]#grubby# tool and, for scripts, " +"using [command]#new-kernel-pkg# tool. If you use [command]#grubby# to modify " +"the default kernel the changes will be inherited when new kernels are " +"installed. For more information on [command]#grubby#, see " +"xref:Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc#sec-Making_Persistent_Changes_to_a_GRUB_2_Menu_Using_the_grubby_Tool[Making " +"Persistent Changes to a GRUB 2 Menu Using the grubby Tool]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:20 +msgid "" +"The `/etc/default/grub` file is used by the [command]#grub2-mkconfig# tool, " +"which is used by `anaconda` when creating `grub.cfg` during the installation " +"process, and can be used in the event of a system failure, for example if " +"the boot loader configurations need to be recreated. In general, it is not " +"recommended to replace the `grub.cfg` file by manually running " +"`grub2-mkconfig` except as a last resort. Note that any manual changes to " +"`/etc/default/grub` require rebuilding the `grub.cfg` file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:21 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Menu Entries in grub.cfg" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:23 +msgid "" +"Among various code snippets and directives, the `grub.cfg` configuration " +"file contains one or more `menuentry` blocks, each representing a single " +"GRUB 2 boot menu entry. These blocks always start with the `menuentry` " +"keyword followed by a title, list of options, and an opening curly bracket, " +"and end with a closing curly bracket. Anything between the opening and " +"closing bracket should be indented. For example, the following is a sample " +"`menuentry` block for {MAJOROSVER} with Linux kernel 3.17.4-301.fc21.x86_64:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:41 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"menuentry 'Fedora, with Linux 3.17.4-301.fc21.x86_64' --class fedora --class " +"gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option " +"'gnulinux-3.17.4-301.fc21.x86_64-advanced-effee860-8d55-4e4a-995e-b4c88f9ac9f0' " +"{\n" +" load_video\n" +" set gfxpayload=keep\n" +" insmod gzio\n" +" insmod part_msdos\n" +" insmod ext2\n" +" set root='hd0,msdos1'\n" +" if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then\n" +" search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint='hd0,msdos1' " +"f19c92f4-9ead-4207-b46a-723b7a2c51c8\n" +" else\n" +" search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root " +"f19c92f4-9ead-4207-b46a-723b7a2c51c8\n" +" fi\n" +" linux16 /vmlinuz-3.17.4-301.fc21.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/fedora-root " +"ro rd.lvm.lv=fedora/swap rd.lvm.lv=fedora/root rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8\n" +" initrd16 /initramfs-3.17.4-301.fc21.x86_64.img\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:45 +msgid "" +"Each `menuentry` block that represents an installed Linux kernel contains " +"`linux` on 64-bit IBM POWER Series, `linux16` on x86_64 BIOS-based systems, " +"and `linuxefi` on UEFI-based systems. Then the `initrd` directives followed " +"by the path to the kernel and the `initramfs` image respectively. If a " +"separate `/boot` partition was created, the paths to the kernel and the " +"`initramfs` image are relative to `/boot`. In the example above, the `initrd " +"/initramfs-3.17.4-301.fc21.x86_64.img` line means that the `initramfs` image " +"is actually located at `/boot/initramfs-3.17.4-301.fc21.x86_64.img` when the " +"`root` file system is mounted, and likewise for the kernel path." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:47 +msgid "" +"The kernel version number as given on the `linux16 /vmlinuz-kernel_version` " +"line must match the version number of the `initramfs` image given on the " +"`initrd /initramfs-kernel_version.img` line of each `menuentry` block. For " +"more information on how to verify the initial RAM disk image, see " +"xref:Manually_Upgrading_the_Kernel.adoc#sec-Verifying_the_Initial_RAM_Disk_Image[Verifying " +"the Initial RAM Disk Image]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:52 +msgid "" +"In `menuentry` blocks, the `initrd` directive must point to the location " +"(relative to the `/boot/` directory if it is on a separate partition) of the " +"`initramfs` file corresponding to the same kernel version. This directive is " +"called `initrd` because the previous tool which created initial RAM disk " +"images, [command]#mkinitrd#, created what were known as `initrd` files. The " +"`grub.cfg` directive remains `initrd` to maintain compatibility with other " +"tools. The file-naming convention of systems using the [command]#dracut# " +"utility to create the initial RAM disk image is " +"`initramfs-_kernel_version_.img`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:54 +msgid "" +"For information on using [application]*Dracut*, see " +"xref:Manually_Upgrading_the_Kernel.adoc#sec-Verifying_the_Initial_RAM_Disk_Image[Verifying " +"the Initial RAM Disk Image]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ==== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:58 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Configuring the GRUB 2 Boot Loader" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:61 +msgid "" +"Changes to the GRUB 2 menu can be made temporarily at boot time, made " +"persistent for a single system while the system is running, or as part of " +"making a new GRUB 2 configuration file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:63 +msgid "" +"To make non-persistent changes to the GRUB 2 menu, see " +"xref:Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc#sec-Making_Temporary_Changes_to_a_GRUB_2_Menu[Making " +"Temporary Changes to a GRUB 2 Menu]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:65 +msgid "" +"To make persistent changes to a running system, see " +"xref:Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc#sec-Making_Persistent_Changes_to_a_GRUB_2_Menu_Using_the_grubby_Tool[Making " +"Persistent Changes to a GRUB 2 Menu Using the grubby Tool]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:67 +msgid "" +"For information on making and customizing a GRUB 2 configuration file, see " +"xref:Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc#sec-Customizing_the_GRUB_2_Configuration_File[Customizing " +"the GRUB 2 Configuration File]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ==== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:69 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Making Temporary Changes to a GRUB 2 Menu" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:72 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Making Temporary Changes to a Kernel Menu Entry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:74 +msgid "" +"To change kernel parameters only during a single boot process, proceed as " +"follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:76 +msgid "" +"Start the system and, on the GRUB 2 boot screen, move the cursor to the menu " +"entry you want to edit, and press the kbd:[e] key for edit." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:78 +msgid "" +"Move the cursor down to find the kernel command line. The kernel command " +"line starts with `linux` on 64-Bit IBM Power Series, `linux16` on x86-64 " +"BIOS-based systems, or `linuxefi` on UEFI systems." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:80 +msgid "Move the cursor to the end of the line." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:82 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:731 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:751 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:813 +msgid "" +"Press kbd:[Ctrl + a] and kbd:[Ctrl + e] to jump to the start and end of the " +"line, respectively. On some systems, kbd:[Home] and kbd:[End] might also " +"work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:84 +msgid "" +"Edit the kernel parameters as required. For example, to run the system in " +"emergency mode, add the *emergency* parameter at the end of the `linux16` " +"line:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:88 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"linux16 /vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/fedora-root ro " +"rd.md=0 rd.dm=0 rd.lvm.lv=fedora/swap crashkernel=auto rd.luks=0 " +"vconsole.keymap=us rd.lvm.lv=fedora/root rhgb quiet " +"pass:quotes[*emergency*]\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:91 +msgid "" +"The [option]`rhgb` and [option]`quiet` parameters can be removed in order to " +"enable system messages." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:93 +msgid "" +"These settings are not persistent and apply only for a single boot. To make " +"persistent changes to a menu entry on a system, use the [command]#grubby# " +"tool. See " +"xref:Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc#bh-Adding_and_Removing_Arguments_from_a_GRUB_Menu_Entry[Adding " +"and Removing Arguments from a GRUB Menu Entry] for more information on using " +"[command]#grubby#." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ==== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:95 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Making Persistent Changes to a GRUB 2 Menu Using the grubby Tool" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:98 +msgid "" +"The [command]#grubby# tool can be used to read information from, and make " +"persistent changes to, the `grub.cfg` file. It enables, for example, " +"changing GRUB menu entries to specify what arguments to pass to a kernel on " +"system start and changing the default kernel." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:100 +msgid "" +"In Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux{nbsp}7, if [command]#grubby# is " +"invoked manually without specifying a GRUB configuration file, it defaults " +"to searching for `/etc/grub2.cfg`, which is a symbolic link to the " +"`grub.cfg` file, whose location is architecture dependent. If that file " +"cannot be found it will search for an architecture dependent default." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:101 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Listing the Default Kernel" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:103 +msgid "To find out the file name of the default kernel, enter a command as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:107 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"~]# grubby --default-kernel\n" +"/boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:110 +msgid "" +"To find out the index number of the default kernel, enter a command as " +"follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:114 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"~]# grubby --default-index\n" +"0\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ===== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:116 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:231 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Changing the Default Boot Entry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:118 +msgid "" +"To make a persistent change in the kernel designated as the default kernel, " +"use the [command]#grubby# command as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:121 +#, no-wrap +msgid "~]# grubby --set-default /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:123 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Viewing the GRUB Menu Entry for a Kernel" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:125 +msgid "To list all the kernel menu entries, enter a command as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:129 +#, no-wrap +msgid "~]$ [command]#grubby --info=ALL#\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:132 +msgid "On UEFI systems, all [command]#grubby# commands must be entered as `root`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:134 +msgid "" +"To view the GRUB menu entry for a specific kernel, enter a command as " +"follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:143 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"~]$ grubby --info /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +"index=0\n" +"kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +"args=\"ro rd.lvm.lv=fedora/root rd.lvm.lv=fedora/swap rhgb quiet " +"LANG=en_US.UTF-8\"\n" +"root=/dev/mapper/fedora-root\n" +"initrd=/boot/initramfs-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64.img\n" +"title=Fedora (4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64) 23 (Workstation Edition)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:146 +msgid "" +"Try tab completion to see the available kernels within the `/boot/` " +"directory." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:148 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Adding and Removing Arguments from a GRUB Menu Entry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:150 +msgid "" +"The [option]`--update-kernel` option can be used to update a menu entry when " +"used in combination with [option]`--args` to add new arguments and " +"[option]`--remove-arguments` to remove existing arguments. These options " +"accept a quoted space-separated list. The command to simultaneously add and " +"remove arguments a from GRUB menu entry has the follow format:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:154 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"grubby --remove-args=\"pass:attributes[{blank}]_argX " +"argY_pass:attributes[{blank}]\" --args=\"pass:attributes[{blank}]_argA " +"argB_pass:attributes[{blank}]\" --update-kernel " +"/boot/pass:attributes[{blank}]_kernel_\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:157 +msgid "" +"To add and remove arguments from a kernel's GRUB menu entry, use a command " +"as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:160 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"~]# grubby --remove-args=\"rhgb quiet\" --args=console=ttyS0,115200 " +"--update-kernel /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:163 +msgid "" +"This command removes the Red Hat graphical boot argument, enables boot " +"message to be seen, and adds a serial console. As the console arguments will " +"be added at the end of the line, the new console will take precedence over " +"any other consoles configured." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:165 +msgid "To review the changes, use the [option]`--info` command option as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:175 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"~]# grubby --info /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +"index=0\n" +"kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +"args=\"ro rd.lvm.lv=fedora/root rd.lvm.lv=fedora/swap LANG=en_US.UTF-8 " +"pass:quotes[*console=ttyS0,115200*]\"\n" +"root=/dev/mapper/fedora-root\n" +"initrd=/boot/initramfs-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64.img\n" +"title=Fedora (4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64) 23 (Workstation Edition)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:177 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Updating All Kernel Menus with the Same Arguments" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:179 +msgid "" +"To add the same kernel boot arguments to all the kernel menu entries, enter " +"a command as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:182 +#, no-wrap +msgid "~]# grubby --update-kernel=ALL --args=console=ttyS0,115200\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:185 +msgid "" +"The [option]`--update-kernel` parameter also accepts DEFAULT or a comma " +"separated list of kernel index numbers." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:186 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Changing a Kernel Argument" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:188 +msgid "" +"To change a value in an existing kernel argument, specify the argument " +"again, changing the value as required. For example, if the virtual console " +"font size has been set to `latarcyrheb-sun16` and you want to change the " +"virtual console font size to `32`, use a command as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:198 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"~]# grubby --args=vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun32 --update-kernel " +"/boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +"index=0\n" +"kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64\n" +"args=\"ro rd.lvm.lv=fedora/root crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=fedora/swap " +"vconsole.font=pass:quotes[*latarcyrheb-sun32*] vconsole.keymap=us " +"LANG=en_US.UTF-8\"\n" +"root=/dev/mapper/fedora-root\n" +"initrd=/boot/initramfs-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64.img\n" +"title=Fedora (4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64) 23 (Workstation Edition)\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:201 +msgid "See the `grubby(8)` manual page for more command options." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ==== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:203 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Customizing the GRUB 2 Configuration File" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:206 +msgid "" +"GRUB 2 scripts search the user's computer and build a boot menu based on " +"what operating systems the scripts find. To reflect the latest system boot " +"options, the boot menu is rebuilt automatically when the kernel is updated " +"or a new kernel is added." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:208 +msgid "" +"However, users may want to build a menu containing specific entries or to " +"have the entries in a specific order. GRUB 2 allows basic customization of " +"the boot menu to give users control of what actually appears on the screen." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:210 +msgid "" +"GRUB 2 uses a series of scripts to build the menu; these are located in the " +"`/etc/grub.d/` directory. The following files are included:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:212 +msgid "`00_header`, which loads GRUB 2 settings from the `/etc/default/grub` file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:214 +msgid "" +"`01_users`, which is created only when a boot loader password is assigned in " +"a [application]*kickstart* file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:216 +msgid "`10_linux`, which locates kernels in the default partition of Fedora." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:218 +msgid "" +"`30_os-prober`, which builds entries for operating systems found on other " +"partitions." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:220 +msgid "" +"`40_custom`, a template, which can be used to create additional menu " +"entries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:222 +msgid "" +"Scripts from the `/etc/grub.d/` directory are read in alphabetical order and " +"can be therefore renamed to change the boot order of specific menu entries." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:227 +msgid "" +"With the [option]`GRUB_TIMEOUT` key set to `0` in the `/etc/default/grub` " +"file, GRUB 2 does not display the list of bootable kernels when the system " +"starts up. In order to display this list when booting, press and hold any " +"alphanumeric key when the BIOS information is displayed; GRUB 2 will present " +"you with the GRUB menu." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:234 +msgid "" +"By default, the key for the `GRUB_DEFAULT` directive in the " +"`/etc/default/grub` file is the word `saved`. This instructs GRUB 2 to load " +"the kernel specified by the [option]`saved_entry` directive in the GRUB 2 " +"environment file, located at `/boot/grub2/grubenv`. You can set another GRUB " +"record to be the default, using the [command]#grub2-set-default# command, " +"which will update the GRUB 2 environment file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:236 +msgid "" +"By default, the [option]`saved_entry` value is set to the name of latest " +"installed kernel of package type [package]*kernel*. This is defined in " +"`/etc/sysconfig/kernel` by the `UPDATEDEFAULT` and `DEFAULTKERNEL` " +"directives. The file can be viewed by the `root` user as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:243 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"~]#{nbsp}cat /etc/sysconfig/kernel\n" +"# UPDATEDEFAULT specifies if new-kernel-pkg should make\n" +"# new kernels the default\n" +"UPDATEDEFAULT=yes\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:246 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"# DEFAULTKERNEL specifies the default kernel package type\n" +"DEFAULTKERNEL=kernel-core\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:249 +msgid "" +"The `DEFAULTKERNEL` directive specifies what package type will be used as " +"the default. Installing a package of type [package]*kernel-debug* will not " +"change the default kernel while the `DEFAULTKERNEL` is set to package type " +"[package]*kernel*." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:251 +msgid "" +"GRUB 2 supports using a numeric value as the key for the " +"[option]`saved_entry` directive to change the default order in which the " +"operating systems are loaded. To specify which operating system should be " +"loaded first, pass its number to the [command]#grub2-set-default# " +"command. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:255 +#, no-wrap +msgid "~]#{nbsp}grub2-set-default pass:quotes[`2`]\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:258 +msgid "" +"Note that the position of a menu entry in the list is denoted by a number " +"starting with zero; therefore, in the example above, the third entry will be " +"loaded. This value will be overwritten by the name of the next kernel to be " +"installed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:260 +msgid "" +"To force a system to always use a particular menu entry, use the menu entry " +"name as the key to the `GRUB_DEFAULT` directive in the `/etc/default/grub` " +"file. To list the available menu entries, run the following command as " +"`root`:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:264 +#, no-wrap +msgid "~]#{nbsp}awk -F\\' '$1==\"menuentry \" {print $2}' /etc/grub2.cfg\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:267 +msgid "" +"The file name `/etc/grub2.cfg` is a symlink to the `grub.cfg` file, whose " +"location is architecture dependent. For reliability reasons, the symlink is " +"not used in other examples in this chapter. It is better to use absolute " +"paths when writing to a file, especially when repairing a system." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:269 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:296 +msgid "" +"Changes to `/etc/default/grub` require rebuilding the `grub.cfg` file as " +"follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:271 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:298 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:415 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:502 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:596 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:650 +msgid "On BIOS-based machines, issue the following command as `root`:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:275 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:302 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:419 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:506 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:600 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:654 +#, no-wrap +msgid "~]#{nbsp}grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:278 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:305 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:422 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:509 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:603 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:657 +msgid "On UEFI-based machines, issue the following command as `root`:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:282 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:309 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:426 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:513 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:607 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:661 +#, no-wrap +msgid "~]#{nbsp}grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ===== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:285 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Editing a Menu Entry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:288 +msgid "" +"If required to prepare a new GRUB 2 file with different parameters, edit the " +"values of the `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX` key in the `/etc/default/grub` file. Note " +"that you can specify multiple parameters for the `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX` " +"key. For example:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:291 +#, no-wrap +msgid "GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"console=tty0 console=ttyS0,9600n8\"\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:294 +msgid "" +"Where [option]`console=tty0` is the first virtual terminal and " +"[option]`console=ttyS0` is the serial terminal to be used." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ===== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:312 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Adding a new Entry" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:315 +msgid "" +"When executing the [command]#grub2-mkconfig# command, GRUB 2 searches for " +"Linux kernels and other operating systems based on the files located in the " +"`/etc/grub.d/` directory. The `/etc/grub.d/10_linux` script searches for " +"installed Linux kernels on the same partition. The " +"`/etc/grub.d/30_os-prober` script searches for other operating systems. Menu " +"entries are also automatically added to the boot menu when updating the " +"kernel." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:317 +msgid "" +"The `40_custom` file located in the `/etc/grub.d/` directory is a template " +"for custom entries and looks as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:324 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:366 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"#!/bin/sh\n" +"exec tail -n +3 $0\n" +"# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type " +"the\n" +"# menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to " +"change\n" +"# the 'exec tail' line above.\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:327 +msgid "" +"This file can be edited or copied. Note that as a minimum, a valid menu " +"entry must include at least the following:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:333 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"*menuentry* \"<Title>\"pass:attributes[{blank}]*{*\n" +"<Data>\n" +"*}*\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ===== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:336 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Creating a Custom Menu" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:339 +msgid "" +"If you do not want menu entries to be updated automatically, you can create " +"a custom menu." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:344 +msgid "" +"Before proceeding, back up the contents of the `/etc/grub.d/` directory in " +"case you need to revert the changes later." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:351 +msgid "" +"Note that modifying the `/etc/default/grub` file does not have any effect on " +"creating custom menus." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:355 +msgid "" +"On BIOS-based machines, copy the contents of `/boot/grub2/grub.cfg`, or, on " +"UEFI machines, copy the contents of `/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg`. Put the " +"content of the `grub.cfg` into the `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` file below the " +"existing header lines. The executable part of the `40_custom` script has to " +"be preserved." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:357 +msgid "" +"From the content put into the `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` file, only the " +"`menuentry` blocks are needed to create the custom menu. The " +"`/boot/grub2/grub.cfg` and `/boot/efi/EFI/fedora/grub.cfg` files might " +"contain function specifications and other content above and below the " +"`menuentry` blocks. If you put these unnecessary lines into the `40_custom` " +"file in the previous step, erase them." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:359 +msgid "This is an example of a custom `40_custom` script:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:396 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"menuentry 'First custom entry' --class red --class gnu-linux --class gnu " +"--class os $menuentry_id_option " +"'gnulinux-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64-advanced-32782dd0-4b47-4d56-a740-2076ab5e5976' " +"{\n" +" load_video\n" +" set gfxpayload=keep\n" +" insmod gzio\n" +" insmod part_msdos\n" +" insmod xfs\n" +" set root='hd0,msdos1'\n" +" if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then\n" +" search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint='hd0,msdos1' " +"7885bba1-8aa7-4e5d-a7ad-821f4f52170a\n" +" else\n" +" search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root " +"7885bba1-8aa7-4e5d-a7ad-821f4f52170a\n" +" fi\n" +" linux16 /vmlinuz-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/fedora-root ro " +"rd.lvm.lv=fedora/root vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rd.lvm.lv=fedora/swap " +"vconsole.keymap=us crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8\n" +" initrd16 /initramfs-4.2.0-1.fc23.x86_64.img\n" +"}\n" +"menuentry 'Second custom entry' --class red --class gnu-linux --class gnu " +"--class os $menuentry_id_option " +"'gnulinux-0-rescue-07f43f20a54c4ce8ada8b70d33fd001c-advanced-32782dd0-4b47-4d56-a740-2076ab5e5976' " +"{\n" +" load_video\n" +" insmod gzio\n" +" insmod part_msdos\n" +" insmod xfs\n" +" set root='hd0,msdos1'\n" +" if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then\n" +" search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint='hd0,msdos1' " +"7885bba1-8aa7-4e5d-a7ad-821f4f52170a\n" +" else\n" +" search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root " +"7885bba1-8aa7-4e5d-a7ad-821f4f52170a\n" +" fi\n" +" linux16 /vmlinuz-0-rescue-07f43f20a54c4ce8ada8b70d33fd001c " +"root=/dev/mapper/fedora-root ro rd.lvm.lv=fedora/root " +"vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rd.lvm.lv=fedora/swap vconsole.keymap=us " +"crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet\n" +" initrd16 /initramfs-0-rescue-07f43f20a54c4ce8ada8b70d33fd001c.img\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:399 +msgid "Remove all files from the `/etc/grub.d` directory except the following:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:401 +msgid "`00_header`," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:403 +msgid "`40_custom`," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:405 +msgid "`01_users` (if it exists)," +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:407 +msgid "and `README`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:409 +msgid "" +"Alternatively, if you want to keep the files in the `/etc/grub2.d/` " +"directory, make them unexecutable by running the [command]#chmod a-x " +"# command." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:411 +msgid "Edit, add, or remove menu entries in the `40_custom` file as desired." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:413 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:500 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:594 +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:648 +msgid "" +"Rebuild the `grub.cfg` file by running the [command]#grub2-mkconfig -o# " +"command as follows:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ==== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:429 +#, no-wrap +msgid "GRUB 2 Password Protection" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:432 +msgid "" +"GRUB 2 supports both plain-text and encrypted passwords in the GRUB 2 " +"template files. To enable the use of passwords, specify a superuser who can " +"reach the protected entries. Other users can be specified to access these " +"entries as well. Menu entries can be password-protected for booting by " +"adding one or more users to the menu entry as described in " +"xref:Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc#sec-Setting_Up_Users_and_Password_Protection_Specifying_Menu_Entries[Setting " +"Up Users and Password Protection, Specifying Menu Entries]. To use encrypted " +"passwords, see " +"xref:Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc#sec-Password_Encryption[Password " +"Encryption]." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block = +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:437 +msgid "" +"If you do not use the correct format for the menu, or modify the " +"configuration in an incorrect way, you might be unable to boot your system." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:441 +msgid "" +"All menu entries can be password-protected against changes by setting " +"superusers, which can be done in the `/etc/grub.d/00_header` or the " +"`/etc/grub.d/01_users` file. The `00_header` file is very complicated and, " +"if possible, avoid making modifications in this file. Menu entries should be " +"placed in the `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` and users in the " +"`/etc/grub.d/01_users` file. The `01_users` file is generated by the " +"installation application [application]*anaconda* when a grub boot loader " +"password is used in a [application]*kickstart* template (but it should be " +"created and used it if it does not exist). Examples in this section adopt " +"this policy." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ===== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:443 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Setting Up Users and Password Protection, Specifying Menu Entries" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:446 +msgid "" +"To specify a superuser, add the following lines in the " +"`/etc/grub.d/01_users` file, where `john` is the name of the user designated " +"as the superuser, and `johnspassword` is the superuser's password:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:453 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"cat <<EOF\n" +"set superusers=\"john\"\n" +"password john johnspassword\n" +"EOF\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:456 +msgid "" +"To allow other users to access the menu entries, add additional lines per " +"user at the end of the `/etc/grub.d/01_users` file." +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:464 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"cat <<EOF\n" +"set superusers=\"john\"\n" +"password john johnspassword\n" +"password jane janespassword\n" +"EOF\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:467 +msgid "" +"When the users and passwords are set up, specify the menu entries that " +"should be password-protected in the `/etc/grub.d/40_custom` file in a " +"similar fashion to the following:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:475 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"menuentry 'Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux Server' --unrestricted {\n" +"set root=(hd0,msdos1)\n" +"linux /vmlinuz\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:480 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"menuentry 'Fedora' --users jane {\n" +"set root=(hd0,msdos2)\n" +"linux /vmlinuz\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:485 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"menuentry 'Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux Workstation' {\n" +"set root=(hd0,msdos3)\n" +"linux /vmlinuz\n" +"}\n" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:488 +msgid "In the above example:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:490 +msgid "" +"`john` is the `superuser` and can therefore boot any menu entry, use the " +"GRUB 2 command line, and edit items of the GRUB 2 menu during boot. In this " +"case, `john` can access both Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux Server, " +"Fedora, and Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux Workstation. Note that only " +"`john` can access Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux Workstation because " +"neither the [option]`--users` nor [option]`--unrestricted` options have been " +"used." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:492 +msgid "" +"User `jane` can boot Fedora since she was granted the permission in the " +"configuration." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:494 +msgid "" +"Anyone can boot Red{nbsp}Hat Enterprise{nbsp}Linux Server, because of the " +"[option]`--unrestricted` option, but only `john` can edit the menu entry as " +"a superuser has been defined. When a superuser is defined then all records " +"are protected against unauthorized changes and all records are protected for " +"booting if they do *not* have the [option]`--unrestricted` parameter" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:496 +msgid "" +"If you do not specify a user for a menu entry, or make use of the " +"[option]`--unrestricted` option, then only the superuser will have access to " +"the system." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:498 +msgid "" +"After you have made changes in the template file the GRUB 2 configuration " +"file must be updated." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Title ===== +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:516 +#, no-wrap +msgid "Password Encryption" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:519 +msgid "" +"By default, passwords are saved in plain text in GRUB 2 scripts. Although " +"the files cannot be accessed on boot without the correct password, security " +"can be improved by encrypting the password using the " +"[command]#grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2# command. This command converts a desired " +"password into a long hash, which is placed in the GRUB 2 scripts instead of " +"the plain-text password." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:521 +msgid "" +"To generate an encrypted password, run the [command]#grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2# " +"command on the command line as `root`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:523 +msgid "" +"Enter the desired password when prompted and repeat it. The command then " +"outputs your password in an encrypted form." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:525 +msgid "" +"Copy the hash, and paste it in the template file where you configured the " +"users, that is, either in `/etc/grub.d/01_users` or `/etc/grub.d/40_custom`." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:527 +msgid "The following format applies for the `01_users` file:" +msgstr "" + +#. type: delimited block - +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:533 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +"cat <` — This directory " +"contains information about using and configuring GRUB 2. `` " +"corresponds to the version of the GRUB 2 package installed." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:947 +msgid "" +"[command]#info grub2# — The GRUB 2 info page contains a tutorial, a " +"user reference manual, a programmer reference manual, and a FAQ document " +"about GRUB 2 and its usage." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:949 +msgid "" +"`grubby(8)` — The manual page for the command-line tool for configuring GRUB " +"and GRUB 2." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:951 +msgid "" +"`new-kernel-pkg(8)` — The manual page for the tool to script kernel " +"installation." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Block title +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:952 +#, no-wrap +msgid "External Documentation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Plain text +#: ./pages/kernel-module-driver-configuration/Working_with_the_GRUB_2_Boot_Loader.adoc:954 +msgid "" +"link:++https://docs.fedoraproject.org/install-guide++[ {MAJOROS} " +"Installation Guide] — The Installation Guide provides basic " +"information on GRUB 2, for example, installation, terminology, interfaces, " +"and commands." +msgstr ""